Aclu.org: Rosika Schwimmer, Woman without a Country
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Rosika Schwimmer
Rosika Schwimmer was a Hungarian-born pacifist, feminist, world federalist and women's suffragist. A co-founder of the Campaign for World Government with Lola Maverick Lloyd, her radical vision of world peace led to the creation of several world federalist movements and organizations. Sixty years after she first envisaged it, the movement she helped to create indeed took a leading role in the crea…
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culture · Hungarian-born stateless peace activist (1877–1948) · journalist · non-fiction writer · politician · peace activist · editor · lecturer · suffragist · pacifist · feminist · also Rosika Schwimmer, Rózsa Bédy-Schwimmer, Rozsa Bedy-Schwimmer, Rózsa Bédy, Rózsa Schwimmer, Róza Schwimmer
Born 11 September 1877 · Died 3 August 1948 · Q853932
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2020· 1 entry
1952· 2 entries
Naturalization laws in the United States were changed to allow for conscientious objection
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The law was finally changed to allow conscientious objectors to take an oath that they agree to serve in a non-combatant capacity
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1948· 3 entries
Died 1948-08-03.
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Was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize but had little chance of obtaining it, in spite of support from backers in Britain, France, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, and the United States
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Died before the committee decided not to award it that year
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1940· 1 entry
Schwimmer's papers have been held in various archives including the Benson Ford Research Center in Dearborn, Michigan, Hoover Institution Archives at Stanford University, the Peace Collection at Swarthmore College, and i
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1937· 2 entries
Schwimmer formed the Campaign for World Government with Lloyd, the first World Federalist organization of the 20th century
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Organized by Catt, Albert Einstein, Sylvia Pankhurst, Romain Rolland, Margaret Sanger, and others, which provided her with a prize of $7,000
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1935· 2 entries
Formed the World Center for Women's Archives with Mary Ritter Beard
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Schwimmer and Mary Ritter Beard established the World Center for Women's Archives to create an educational reference for women's history and document the individual and organizational achievements of influential women
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1930· 1 entry
And she drafted a plan for world citizens to be internationally recognized
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1928· 1 entry
And the following year the appeal was overturned by the U
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1924· 1 entry
Schwimmer applied for naturalization as a U
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1921· 1 entry
Her pacifism was seen as a sign of disloyalty
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1920· 1 entry
Schwimmer fled to Vienna where she lived as a refugee, financially supported by her friend Lola Maverick Lloyd, until she secured permission to emigrate to the United States in 1921
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1919· 1 entry
New York State had launched the Lusk Investigation to examine the activities of radical people and organizations liable to threaten the nation's security
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1918· 2 entries
Career landmark: ambassador of Hungary to Switzerland (1918–1919).
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With the establishment of the First Hungarian Republic, she was appointed the first woman diplomat, as Hungarian Minister Plenipotentiary to Switzerland
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1915· 2 entries
Becoming a secretary of the organization
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After attending the International Congress of Women in The Hague, she worked with other feminists to persuade foreign ministers in Europe to support the creation of a body to peacefully mediate world affairs and was inst
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1914· 1 entry
Left Britain to tour the United States and press for an end to the war
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1913· 1 entry
Helped the Feminist Association organize the Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance which ran from 15 to 21 June in Budapest
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1911· 1 entry
Performed at the Stockholm Opera and other important venues in Stockholm
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1907· 1 entry
To counteract the unfavorable press they received from the media at large, the Feminist Association founded the journal A Nő és a Társadalom (Women and Society), with Schwimmer as editor-in-chief
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1903· 1 entry
Co-founded with Mariska Gárdos, the Magyarországi Munkásnő Egyesület (Hungarian Women Workers Association), the first national women's labor umbrella organization
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1897· 1 entry
And by 1901 had become president of the organization
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1895· 1 entry
Found work as a bookkeeper and correspondent clerk
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1893· 1 entry
And 1894, she took evening classes at a business school until her father's bankruptcy forced the family to return to Budapest
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1891· 1 entry
Studied music and languages at the music school in Szabadka (today Subotica)
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1877· 2 entries
Born 1877-09-11.
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Graduated from public school in 1891
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