“the average human type will rise to the heights of an Aristotle, a Goethe, or a Marx. And above this ridge new peaks will rise.”
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Leon Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Trotsky, better known as Leon Trotsky, was a Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician, and political theorist. He was a key figure in the 1905 Revolution, the October Revolution of 1917, the Russian Civil War, and the establishment of the Soviet Union, from which he was exiled in 1929 before his assassination in 1940. Trotsky and Vladimir Lenin were widely considered the two most pr…
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culture · Soviet politician and revolutionary (1879–1940) · politician · diplomat · autobiographer · philosopher · revolutionary · military personnel · historian · journalist · writer · communist · also Leon Trotsky, Lev Bronstein, Lev Davidovich Bronshtein, Lev Davidovich Bronstein, Leon Trotski, Trotsky
Born 26 October 1879 · Died 21 August 1940 · Q33391
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2026· 6 entries
“was taking a rest from politics”
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“To delay negotiations, there must be someone to do the delaying”
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“s Jewish heritage, lacking documentary evidence, especially as Yiddish was not spoken by his family. Both North and the historian Walter Laqueur stated that Trotsky”
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La Izquierda Diario México: En Casa Marx. El profeta armado vuelve a las calles: jornadas por León Trotsky a 86 años de su asesinato
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- #headline
World Socialist Web Site: Now available from Mehring Verlag: “My Life” by Leon Trotsky
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2023· 2 entries
World Socialist Web Site: Leon Trotsky commemoration on Prinkipo is widely covered in Turkish media
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Meduza: Esteban Volkov, Leon Trotsky’s grandson, has died
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2018· 3 entries
WBEZ: World History Moment: The Exile Of Leon Trotsky
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SocialistWorker: Leon Trotsky, the historian
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The University College London Professor of Management John Kelly wrote that "almost 80 years after Leon Trotsky founded the Fourth International, there are now Trotskyite organisations in 57 countries, including most of
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2015· 4 entries
The Nation: August 21, 1940: Leon Trotsky Dies
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Artnet: Leon Trotsky’s Historic Istanbul Home for Sale
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Architectural Digest: Leon Trotsky’s Istanbul Home Is Up for Sale
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The Harvard Crimson: LEON TROTSKY'S PERSONAL PAPERS
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2012· 2 entries
Digital Journal: Museum of Leon Trotsky in Mexico City (Includes interview and first-hand account)
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Foreign Affairs: Leon Trotsky: A Revolutionary’s Life
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2010· 2 entries
World Socialist Web Site: Leon Trotsky’s Analysis of the Emerging Global Role of US Capitalism
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SocialistWorker: The legacy of Leon Trotsky
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2007· 1 entry
Slate: Leon Trotsky
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2005· 1 entry
Seattle Times: Icepick police say was used to kill Leon Trotsky resurfaces in Mexico
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1990· 1 entry
“(tłum. Jan Barski, Stanisław Łukomski, wyd. Polonia, Warszawa 1990)”
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1989· 1 entry
Trotsky's books, forbidden until 1987, were published in the Soviet Union
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1982· 1 entry
“Besitz ist das Verhältnis zwischen Menschen. Er stellt eine riesige Macht dar, solange er allgemeine Anerkennung findet, die durch das Zwangssystem, das sich Recht und Staat nennt, aufrecht erhalten wird." - Geschichte der Russischen Revolution. Erster Teil: Februarrevolution, Frankfurt: Fischer-Verlag 1982, Kapital 10, S. 176”
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1960· 1 entry
And arrival in the USSR in 1961, Leonid Brezhnev signed a decree awarding Mercader the Order of Lenin, the Gold Star, and the title Hero of the Soviet Union "for the special deed"
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1946· 1 entry
“The Prevention of Literature,”
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1944· 1 entry
To boost morale, its historic name Gatchina was restored
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1940· 26 entries
Died 1940-08-21.
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“Gdyby prawdą było, że opozycja, kierowana przez organizatorów rewolucji październikowej, budowniczych sowieckiej republiki i czerwonej armii, przygotowuje orężne obalenie władzy sowieckiej, oznaczałoby to samo przez się katastrofalną sytuację w kraju.”
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“Burżuazyjna demokracja stoi pod wieloma względami wyżej od poprzedzających ją form państwowych. Nie jest jednakże wieczna. Musi ustąpić miejsca socjalistycznemu społeczeństwu. Mostem do socjalistycznego społeczeństwa jest dyktatura proletariatu.”
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“Rozumie się, że nie jesteśmy fetyszystami: jeśli nowe fakty historyczne będą wymagały rewizji teorii, to się przed tym nie zawahamy. Ale opłakany rezultat starych rewizji powinien w każdym razie sugerować nam zbawczą ostrożność. Dziesięć razy przemyślimy starą teorię i nowe fakty, zanim zaczniemy konstruować nową doktrynę.”
- #wikiquote
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“Radzieckie Stany Zjednoczone Europy – oto jedyne właściwe hasło, wskazujące wyjście z europejskiego rozdrobnienia, grożącego nie tylko Niemcom, ale i całej Europie kompletnym upadkiem gospodarczym i kulturalnym.”
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“Podejmujemy pierwszą w dziejach świata próbę zorganizowania pracy w interesie większości pracujących. Ale to oczywiście nie oznacza zniesienia elementów przymusu. Element przymusu nie znika z rachunków historycznych. Nie, przymus odgrywa i będzie odgrywał ważną rolę przez długi jeszcze okres historii.”
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“We can only be right with and by the Party, for history has provided no other way of being in the right... And if the Party adopts a decision which one or other of us thinks unjust, he will say, just or unjust, it is my party, and I shall support the consequences of the decision to the end.”
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“Rewolucja wydaje się całkowitym szaleństwem tym, których zmiata i obala.”
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“Rewolucja pożera ludzi i charaktery. Niszczy najmężniejszych, sieje spustoszenie wśród słabszych.”
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“Przygotowując nowe, coraz cięższe represje przeciwko opozycji, stalinowska frakcja miernot, tego Stalina, którego Lenin w „Testamencie” swym nazwał „brutalnym i nielojalnym” wtedy, kiedy te jego cechy nie ujawniły się jeszcze nawet w części setnej, ustawicznie usiłuje za pośrednictwem GPU insynuować opozycji jakiś „związek” z wrogami dyktatury proletariatu.”
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“Polityka opozycji nie ma nic wspólnego z przygotowywaniem walki zbrojnej. Opieramy się całkowicie na przeświadczeniu o głębokiej żywotności i elastyczności sowieckiego reżimu. Nasza droga jest drogą reformy wewnętrznej”
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“Klasa robotnicza Rosji, pod kierownictwem bolszewików, uczyniła próbę przebudowania życia tak, aby wykluczyć możliwość periodycznych ataków szału, przeżywanych przez ludzkość i założyć podwaliny wyższej kultury. Na tym polega sens rewolucji październikowej.”
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“Opis: zarzut przeciwko Stalinowi.”
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“Dzięki wojnie [I wojnie światowej] ludzkość, z niespotykaną poprzednio wyrazistością, przekonała się również o swej technicznej potędze. Wyglądało to więc tak, jakby człowiek, chcąc przekonać się, czy ma zdrowe drogi oddechowe i przewód pokarmowy, zaczął przed lustrem podcinać sobie gardło brzytwą.”
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“Moralność każdej partii wypływa, w ostatecznym rozrachunku, z tych interesów historycznych, które ona reprezentuje.”
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“Każdy żołnierz, który opuści swoje stanowisko, zostanie rozstrzelany! Każdy łajdak agitujący za odwrotem zostanie rozstrzelany!”
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“Jeśli kapitalizm nie jest zdolny do spełnienia żądań, nieuchronnie wypływających ze zrodzonych przezeń plag, niech ginie.”
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“A nationalized planned economy needs democracy, as the human body needs oxygen. (ang.)”
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“In not more than a month's time terror will assume very violent forms, after the example of the great French Revolution; the guillotine... will be ready for our enemies... that remarkable invention of the French Revolution which makes man shorter by a head.”
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“An ally has to be watched just like an enemy.”
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“Dwa lata nieprzerwanej walki. Ileż wysiłków! Ileż ofiar! Ale równocześnie Armia Czerwona ma prawo z wielkim zadowoleniem spoglądać na przebyty szlak: gdyby nie te ofiary, nie te wysiłki, nie ta krew – nasz kraj dawno by stał się zdobyczą imperialistycznych drapieżników, rosyjskich i zagranicznych…”
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“Dla papieża bliźniętami są wolnomularze, darwiniści, marksiści i anarchiści, gdyż wszyscy oni bluźnierczo zaprzeczają niepokalanemu poczęciu. Dla Hitlera bliźniętami są liberalizm i marksizm, bo nie chcą nic słyszeć o „krwi i honorze”. Z kolei dla demokraty bliźniętami są faszyzm i bolszewizm, gdyż nie podporządkowują się powszechnemu prawu wyborczemu itd.”
- #wikiquote
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- #undated
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“Czwarta Międzynarodówka już powstała z wielkich wydarzeń – największych w historii klęsk proletariatu. Przyczyna tych klęsk to zwyrodnienie i zdrada starego kierownictwa.”
- #wikiquote
- #saying
- #undated
- #lang:pl
- #corroborated
“Opis: o wojnie polsko-bolszewickiej”
- #wikiquote
- #saying
- #undated
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- #corroborated
“Albo biurokracja, coraz bardziej stająca się organem światowej burżuazji w robotniczym państwie, obali nowe formy własności i odrzuci kraj do kapitalizmu, albo klasa robotnicza rozgromi biurokrację i otworzy drogę do socjalizmu.”
- #wikiquote
- #saying
- #undated
- #lang:pl
- #corroborated
“The peasantry, having lifted itself up out of its medieval status, cannot politically generate its own rage.”
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- #undated
- #lang:en
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1938· 6 entries
“Die Gesetze der Geschichte sind stärker als die bürokratischen Apparate." - Der Todeskampf des Kapitalismus und die Aufgabe der Vierten Internationalen, Mai-Juni 1938”
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Founded the Fourth International as an alternative to the Comintern
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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Though it was short-lived, ending before 1940
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Trotsky and his supporters founded the Fourth International, intended as a revolutionary and internationalist alternative to the Stalinist Comintern
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“Die Kunst und die Wissenschaft suchen nicht nur keine Lenkung, sondern können von ihrem Wesen her keine dulden." - Kunst und Revolution. Leserbrief vom 18. Juni 1938 an Partisan Review, New York”
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“("Art, like science, not only does not seek orders, but by its very essence, cannot tolerate them." - Art and Politics. Partisan Review August 1938 p. 3-10 http://www.unz.org/Pub/PartisanRev-1938aug)”
- #wikiquote
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- #lang:de
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1937· 2 entries
“s theory of socialism in one country. Trotsky”
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About industrialisation, he emphasised the need for Soviet democracy:
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1936· 4 entries
Trotsky called for restoring the right of criticism in areas like economic policy, revitalising trade unions, and allowing free elections involving multiple Soviet parties
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“Without Stalin there would have been no Hitler, there would have been no Gestapo!”
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Trotsky was assassinated in 1940 in Mexico City by Ramón Mercader, a Stalinist agent
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“Opis: o Józefie Stalinie – słowa z 1936.”
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- #lang:pl
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1935· 1 entry
During Stalin's Great Purge and was murdered by Soviet forces in 1938
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1933· 1 entry
Career landmark: Nazi book burnings.
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1932· 1 entry
Entered fascist Italy en route to a socialist conference in Denmark
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1930· 1 entry
“Der Bürgerkrieg hat bekanntlich seine Gesetze, und sie haben noch niemals als Gesetze der Humanität gegolten." - "Geschichte der russischen Revolution", Band II, Kapitel 10, 1930”
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- #saying
- #lang:de
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1928· 2 entries
“Die unmittelbare Aufgabe, die sich Stalin gestellt hat, ist die Zersplitterung der Partei, die Beseitigung der Opposition, die Gewöhnung der Partei an die Methode der Hinrichtung." - Die wirkliche Lage in Russland. Übersetzt von Wilhelm Cremer. Hellerau: Avalun-Verlag 1928, S. 16, http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/5919/1”
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Served as the basis for Soviet modernisation
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1927· 1 entry
Stalin began using the OGPU (Soviet secret police) to infiltrate and discredit the opposition
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1926· 2 entries
And from the party in 1927, exiled to Alma Ata in 1928 and deported in 1929
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“Opis: list do Nikołaja Bucharina, 4 marca 1926”
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- #lang:pl
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1925· 1 entry
Was the American Marxist Max Eastman's book Since Lenin Died (1925), which described the controversy over Lenin's Testament
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1924· 3 entries
Trotsky emerged as a prominent critic of Joseph Stalin, who soon politically outmanoeuvred him
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At Sverdlov University conferences, Stalin critically cited "the Permanentists" as Trotsky's followers of "Permanent revolution"
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Trotsky's opponents within the Communist Party publicised the letter to portray him as Lenin's enemy
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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1923· 5 entries
Trotsky led the party's Left Opposition faction, which supported greater levels of industrialisation, voluntary collectivisation and party democratisation in a shared framework with the New Economic Policy
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Where Trotsky explained declining the deputy position due to concerns his "Jewish origins" could accentuate antisemitic attitudes towards the Soviet Union
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Career landmark: People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs (1923–1925).
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- #milestone
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Citing Lenin's testament (critical of Stalin and bureaucracy) and their shared positions on foreign trade, party reform, and the Georgian affair
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The historic town of Gatchina in Petrograd Governorate (now Leningrad Oblast) was renamed Trotsk (Russian: Троцк) by Soviet authorities after Trotsky
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1922· 2 entries
Lenin formed a bloc with Trotsky against the growing Soviet bureaucracy and proposed that he should become a deputy premier, but Trotsky declined
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And 1923 and was expected to assume responsibility over the Council of National Economy or Gosplan
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1921· 2 entries
Supported strengthening Gosplan to guide balanced economic reconstruction after the Civil War
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That Trotsky was "in love with organisation", but in working politics, "he has not got a clue"
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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1920· 2 entries
The KMT opened relations with Soviet Russia
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To mitigate urgent economic problems from war communism, later privately reproaching Lenin for the delayed government response in 1921–1922
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1919· 2 entries
Career landmark: Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (1919–1926).
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
- #wikidata
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- #corroborated
612 "hardcore" deserters out of 837,000 draft dodgers and deserters were executed under Trotsky's measures
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- #corroborated
1918· 2 entries
Career landmark: People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the RSFSR (1918–1923).
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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- #milestone
- #corroborated
Only for Krasnov to take up arms again shortly thereafter
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1917· 7 entries
Initially wished to suppress these parties entirely; the Bolsheviks reserved vacant seats in the Soviets and the Central Executive Committee for these parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress
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- #corroborated
Something they preferred left unmentioned
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Allied intervention, and massacres of Reds during the Finnish Civil War (10,000–20,000 workers killed by Finnish Whites)
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- #wikipedia
- #event
- #corroborated
Career landmark: Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (1917–1919).
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
- #wikidata
- #milestone
- #corroborated
Career landmark: Member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee (1917–1917).
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
- #wikidata
- #milestone
- #corroborated
Career landmark: Member of the Russian Constituent Assembly (1917–1918).
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
- #wikidata
- #milestone
- #corroborated
Career landmark: People's Commissar (1917–1918).
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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- #milestone
- #corroborated
1910· 1 entry
A Bolshevik majority controlled the Central Committee
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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1909· 1 entry
“Why Marxists oppose Individual Terrorism, article published in the Austrian Social Democratic paper Der Kampf (1909)”
- #wikiquote
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- #lang:en
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1905· 2 entries
Representing Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and other Soviets
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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- #corroborated
“We wspomnieniach swych Witte pisał, że w roku 1905 „olbrzymia większość Rosji jak gdyby postradała zmysły”. Rewolucja wydaje się konserwatyście obłędem tylko dlatego, że doprowadza „normalne” szaleństwo przeciwieństw społecznych do najwyższego napięcia.”
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- #saying
- #lang:pl
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1904· 1 entry
“Our Political Tasks" (1904), as quoted in The Prophet Armed (1963) by Isaac Deutscher”
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- #lang:en
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1902· 1 entry
Escaped to London, where he met Lenin
Text from Wikipedia, available under CC BY-SA 4.0.
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1901· 2 entries
“On Optimism and Pessimism, on the Twentieth Century, and on Many Other Things" (1901), as quoted in The Prophet Armed : Trotsky, 1879-1921 (2003) by Isaac Deutscher , p. 45”
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“On Optimism and Pessimism, on the Twentieth Century, and on Many Other Things”
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1900· 1 entry
Trotsky was sentenced to four years of exile in Siberia
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1898· 1 entry
Being arrested and exiled to Siberia for his activities
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1896· 1 entry
After moving to the port town of Nikolayev (now Mykolaiv) on the Black Sea
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1879· 2 entries
Born 1879-10-26.
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“s oath of loyalty. Political stature and conflicts with Stalin Trotsky lacked the political acumen to succeed against Stalin”
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