Encyclopaedia Britannica: John von Neumann - Mathematician, Physicist, Computer Scientist
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John von Neumann
John von Neumann was a Hungarian and American mathematician, physicist, computer scientist and engineer. Von Neumann had perhaps the widest coverage of any mathematician of his time, integrating pure and applied sciences and making major contributions to many fields, including mathematics, physics, economics, computing, and statistics. He was a pioneer in building the mathematical framework of qua…
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science · Hungarian and American mathematician and physicist (1903–1957) · mathematician · computer scientist · physicist · economist · university teacher · consultant · Manhattan Project · also John von Neumann, John Von Neumann, Janos Lajos Neumann, János Lajos Neumann, von Neumann, Neumann János Lajos
Born 28 December 1903 · Died 8 February 1957 · Q17455
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2026· 8 entries
Encyclopaedia Britannica: John von Neumann - Mathematician, Scientist, WWII
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TeknoEkip: John von Neumann: Bilim Tarihinin Kuvvetli Bir Akıl Yürüteni
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El Diario de Catamarca: El robo de 1816 bitcoins y el pecado según Von Neumann
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“Something seems to be wrong in that proof.”
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“problem is essentially group-theoretic in character”
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“So long as there is the possibility of eternal damnation for nonbelievers it is more logical to be a believer at the end,”
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Yahoo Finance: Mark Newman is the 2026 SIAM John von Neumann Prize Lecturer
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2024· 2 entries
Phys.org: Were Bohr and von Neumann really in conflict over quantum measurements?
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mccormick.northwestern.edu: Jorge Nocedal Awarded John von Neumann Prize by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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2023· 1 entry
Yahoo Finance: Yousef Saad is the 2023 SIAM John von Neumann Prize Lecturer
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2010· 1 entry
Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset
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2006· 1 entry
Tom Siegfried wrote that "If any one person in the previous century personified the word polymath, it was von Neumann" and that "His contributions to physics, mathematics, computer science, and economics rank him as one
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2003· 1 entry
“t do. If you will tell me precisely what it is that a machine cannot do, then I can always make a machine which will do just that. Edwin Thompson Jaynes, Probability Theory: The Logic of Science (2003); referring to the 1948 Princeton talk he attended to. The greatest polymath and fastest thinker of the 20th century. Ash Jogalekar, in a tweet on December 29, 2019 Now, just consider the smartest person who has ever lived. On almost everyone”
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1999· 1 entry
Awarded Financial Times Person of the Year (1999).
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1989· 1 entry
That "Johnny von Neumann has said that he will be forgotten while Kurt Gödel is remembered with Pythagoras, but the rest of us viewed Johnny with awe
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1988· 1 entry
“Statement at the start of a classroom lecture, as quoted in 1,911 Best Things Anyone Ever Said (1988) by Robert Byrne.”
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1985· 1 entry
“Advice given by von Neumann to Richard Feynman as quoted in "Los Alamos from Below" in Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! (1985).”
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1982· 1 entry
To the demonstration that quantum physics either requires a notion of reality substantially different from that of classical physics, or must include nonlocality in apparent violation of special relativity
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1974· 1 entry
His axiomization of quantum theory was perhaps the most important axiomization of a physical theory to date
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1972· 1 entry
To Kenneth Arrow, in 1983 to Gérard Debreu, and in 1994 to John Nash who used fixed point theorems to establish equilibria for non-cooperative games and for bargaining problems in his Ph
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1971· 1 entry
“Suggesting to Claude Shannon a name for his new uncertainty function, as quoted in Scientific American Vol. 225 No. 3, (1971), p. 180.”
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1957· 31 entries
Aged 53, at Walter Reed Army Medical Hospital and was buried at Princeton Cemetery
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Died 1957-02-08.
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“If one has really technically penetrated a subject, things that previously seemed in complete contrast, might be purely mathematical transformations of each other.”
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“You wake me up early in the morning to tell me that I'm right? Please wait until I'm wrong.”
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“If people do not believe that mathematics is simple, it is only because they do not realize how complicated life is.”
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“The goys have proven the following theorem…”
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“You don't have to be responsible for the world that you're in.”
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“Young man, in mathematics you don't understand things. You just get used to them.”
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“You should call it entropy, for two reasons. In the first place your uncertainty function has been used in statistical mechanics under that name, so it already has a name. In the second place, and more important, no one really knows what entropy really is, so in a debate you will always have the advantage.”
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“The sciences do not try to explain, they hardly even try to interpret, they mainly make models. By a model is meant a mathematical construct which, with the addition of certain verbal interpretations, describes observed phenomena. The justification of such a mathematical construct is solely and precisely that it is expected to work.”
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“Se Church dice che è ovvio, se ne sono accorti tutti da mezz'ora. Se Weyl dice che è ovvio, Von Neumann può dimostrarlo. Se Lefschetz dice che è ovvio, allora è falso. (J. Barkley Rosser)”
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“Any one who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin. For, as has been pointed out several times, there is no such thing as a random number — there are only methods to produce random numbers, and a strict arithmetic procedure of course is not such a method.”
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“For progress there is no cure.... The only safety possible is relative, and it lies in an intelligent exercise of day-to-day judgement.”
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“Если вы скажете, почему бы не нанести удар завтра, я спрошу -- почему не сегодня? Если вы предложите нанести удар в 5 часов, я спрошу -- почему не в час? / “If you say why not bomb them tomorrow, I say why not today?” he said. “If you say today at five o’clock, I say why not one o’clock?”
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“Se la gente crede che la matematica non sia semplice, è soltanto perché non si rende conto di quanto complicata sia la vita.”
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“¿Me despiertas tan temprano para decirme que tengo razón? Ten la bondad de esperar hasta que yo esté equivocado.”
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“(Fizikçi Hans Bethe'nin, Neumann hakkındaki sözleri.)”
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“[In risposta ad un giovane fisico] Questo problema può essere risolto usando il metodo delle caratteristiche. [Giovane fisico: «Temo di non capire il metodo delle caratteristiche.»] Giovanotto, in matematica non si capiscono le cose, ci si limita ad abituarvisi.”
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“Es más fácil viajar en un avión, incluso pilotarlo, que entender por qué puede volar.”
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“O farklı bilgileri, insanları bir araya getirip şaşırtıcı ürünler üretebilen korku verici bir kabiliyete sahipti. Zaman zaman von Neumann gibi bir beynin insanoğlundan üstün bir tür olup olmadığını merak etmekteyim.”
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“[…] la relazione fra le proprietà di un sistema fisico da una parte, e i progetti [funzione d'onda] dall'altra, rende possibile una sorta di calcolo logico con essi. Comunque, in contrasto con i concetti della logica ordinaria, questo sistema è esteso dai concetti di «decidibilità simultanea» [il principio di indeterminazione] che è caratteristico della meccanica quantistica.”
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“Matematikte bir şeyleri asla anlamazsın, sadece onlara alışırsın.”
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“Benché la meccanica quantistica sia in buon accordo con l'esperimento che ci abbia dischiuso un aspetto qualitativamente nuovo del mondo, non si può mai affermare di una teoria che è stata dimostrata dall'esperienza, ma soltanto che il miglior compendio dell'esperienza che si conosca.”
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“It will not be sufficient to know that the enemy has only fifty possible tricks and that we can counter every one of them, but we must be able to counter them almost at the very instant they occur.”
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“Some people confess guilt to claim credit for the sin.”
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“If you say why not bomb them tomorrow, I say why not today? If you say today at five o' clock, I say why not one o' clock?”
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“There probably is a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't.”
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“With four parameters I can fit an elephant, and with five I can make him wiggle his trunk.”
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“The calculus was the first achievement of modern mathematics and it is difficult to overestimate its importance. I think it defines more unequivocally than anything else the inception of modern mathematics; and the system of mathematical analysis, which is its logical development, still constitutes the greatest technical advance in exact thinking.”
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“It is just as foolish to complain that people are selfish and treacherous as it is to complain that the magnetic field does not increase unless the electric field has a curl. Both are laws of nature.”
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“When we talk mathematics, we may be discussing a secondary language built on the primary language of the nervous system.”
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1956· 6 entries
Won Medal of Freedom (1956).
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Won Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal (1956).
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Awarded Enrico Fermi Award (1956).
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Awarded Albert Einstein Award (1956).
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“[Ultime parole famose, nel 1956] Tra qualche decennio l'energia sarà gratuita e a disposizione di tutti.”
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That they could pose an even bigger risk than ICBMs
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1955· 7 entries
Awarded Silliman Memorial Lectures (1955).
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Von Neumann, Charney and their collaborators convinced their funders to open the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit (JNWPU) in Suitland, Maryland, which began routine real-time weather forecasting
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A mass was found near von Neumann's collarbone, which turned out to be cancer originating in the skeleton, pancreas or prostate
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Prompted immediate reaction and von Neumann organized a conference at Princeton on "Application of Numerical Integration Techniques to the Problem of the General Circulation"
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Von Neumann observed that this may already have begun: "Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by industry's burning of coal and oil – more than half of it during the last generation – may have changed the atmospher
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Von Neumann became a commissioner of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which at the time was the highest official position available to scientists in the government
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“Method in the Physical Sciences", in The Unity of Knowledge (1955), ed. L. G. Leary (Doubleday & Co., New York), p. 157”
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1954· 2 entries
“The Role of Mathematics in the Sciences and in Society”
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“The Role of Mathematics in the Sciences and in Society" (1954) an address to Princeton alumni, published in John von Neumann : Collected Works (1963) edited by A. H. Taub ; also quoted in Out of the Mouths of Mathematicians : A Quotation Book for Philomaths (1993) by R. Schmalz”
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1953· 3 entries
And could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s
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Bernard Schriever, who was present at the meeting, paid a personal visit to von Neumann at Princeton to confirm this possibility
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“Letter to H. D. Kloosterman (April 10, 1953), unpublished, John von Neumann Archive, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., as quoted by Miklós Rédei, 1999. "Unsolved Problems in Mathematics": J. von Neumann's Address to the International Congress of Mathematicians, Amsterdam, September 2-9, 1954 in Mathematical Intelligencer, 21(4), 7–12.”
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1951· 1 entry
Career landmark: chairperson (1951–1952).
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1950· 3 entries
“Can we survive Technology?" 1950.”
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Von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group, whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies
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“s first climate modelling software, and used it to perform the world”
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1948· 1 entry
And 1949, von Neumann proposed a kinematic self-reproducing automaton
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1947· 6 entries
Awarded Fellow of the Econometric Society (1947).
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Won Medal for Merit (1947).
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Awarded Josiah Willard Gibbs Lectureship (1947).
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“The Mathematician", in The Works of the Mind (1947) edited by R. B. Heywood, University of Chicago Press, Chicago”
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“Remark made by von Neumann as keynote speaker at the first national meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1947, as mentioned by Franz L. Alt at the end of "Archaeology of computers: Reminiscences, 1945--1947", Communications of the ACM, volume 15, issue 7, July 1972, special issue: Twenty-fifth anniversary of the Association for Computing Machinery, p. 694.”
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Was the first to describe backward error analysis, although implicitly
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1946· 3 entries
The two filed a secret patent outlining a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion
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That could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made
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Von Neumann founded the "Meteorological Project" at the Institute for Advanced Study, securing funding for his project from the Weather Bureau, the US Air Force and US Navy weather services
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1945· 4 entries
Von Neumann and numerous other Manhattan Project personnel were eyewitnesses to the first test of an atomic bomb detonation, which was code-named Trinity
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Awarded Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (1945).
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Found that he could not, especially given that he was busy with war work at the time
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Of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged
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1941· 1 entry
Derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables
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1940· 2 entries
Was for a joint seminar he conducted with Birkhoff at the Institute for Advanced Study on the subject where he developed a theory of σ-complete lattice ordered rings
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Writing a manuscript on the Dirac equation in de Sitter space
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1938· 4 entries
Von Neumann married Klára Dán
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Awarded Bôcher Memorial Prize (1938).
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Was awarded the Bôcher Memorial Prize for his work in analysis in relation to these papers
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Proved that every von Neumann algebra on a separable Hilbert space is a direct integral of factors; he did not find time to publish this result until 1949
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1937· 2 entries
And immediately tried to become a lieutenant in the U
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Von Neumann published several results in this area, for example giving 1-parameter scale of different cross norms on
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1936· 3 entries
The need for the new propositional calculus was demonstrated through several proofs
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Attempted to further the program of replacing the axioms of his previous Hilbert space program with those of Jordan algebras in a paper investigating the infinite-dimensional case; he planned to write at least one fur
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With the partial collaboration of Murray, on the noncommutative case, the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras
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1935· 1 entry
Grete Hermann published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid
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1933· 1 entry
Von Neumann accepted a tenured professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey, when that institution's plan to appoint Hermann Weyl appeared to have failed
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1932· 1 entry
Von Neumann made foundational contributions to ergodic theory, a branch of mathematics that involves the states of dynamical systems with an invariant measure
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1930· 1 entry
Did not begin studying them in depth until he met F
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1929· 2 entries
Briefly became a Privatdozent at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, then in October of that year moved to Princeton University as a visiting lecturer in mathema
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Von Neumann subdivided the disk into finitely many pieces and rearranged them into two disks, using area-preserving affine transformations instead of translations and rotations
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1928· 1 entry
Published two additional papers continuing with these themes
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1927· 3 entries
And he began to give lectures as a Privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1928
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And independently, but less systematically by Lev Landau and Felix Bloch in 1927 and 1946 respectively
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Studied at University of Göttingen (1926–1927).
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1926· 4 entries
His sole publication was on Prüfer's theory of ideal algebraic numbers where he found a new way of constructing them, thus extending Prüfer's theory to the field of all algebraic numbers, and clarified their relation to
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That a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle
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Graduated as a chemical engineer from ETH Zurich and simultaneously passed his final examinations summa cum laude for his Ph
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Studied at Eötvös Loránd University, Doctor of Philosophy (1926–1926).
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1925· 1 entry
Studied at ETH Zurich (1923–1925).
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1924· 1 entry
Showed how to subdivide a three-dimensional ball into disjoint sets, then translate and rotate these sets to form two identical copies of the same ball; this is the Banach–Tarski paradox
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1923· 1 entry
Studied at Frederick William University Berlin (1921–1923).
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1921· 1 entry
Studied at Fasori Gimnázium (1911–1921).
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1913· 1 entry
Emperor Franz Joseph elevated John's father to the Hungarian nobility for his service to the Austro-Hungarian Empire
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1903· 3 entries
Born 1903-12-28.
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To a wealthy, non-observant Jewish family
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Von Neumann was born in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary (then part of Austria-Hungary), on December 28, 1903, to a wealthy, non-observant Jewish family.
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