“it is clear that much is still being hidden”
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Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, was an English philosopher, logician, and social reformer.
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science · English philosopher and logician (1872–1970) · mathematician · social critic · essayist · logician · epistemologist · philosopher of language · metaphysician · analytic philosopher · autobiographer · university teacher · also Bertrand Russell, Bertrand Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, Bertrand Russell, Earl Russell, Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, Russell
Born 18 May 1872 · Died 2 February 1970 · Q33760
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2026· 16 entries
Gestión: Bertrand Russell, filósofo: “El problema del mundo es que los necios están seguros de sí mismos y los inteligentes llenos de dudas”
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Radio Mitre: Bertrand Russell, escritor y filósofo: “La verdadera buena vida es aquella que cumple con dos premisas: estar inspirada por el amor y guiada por el conocimiento”
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El Español: Viejos y rebeldes: de Victor Hugo a Bertrand Russell
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La Razón: Bertrand Russell, premio Nobel: "El problema del mundo es que los estúpidos están completamente seguros de sí mismos y los inteligentes están llenos de dudas"
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Correio Braziliense: Bertrand Russell, filósofo britânico: “Uma vida boa não depende de estar sempre ocupado, mas de saber usar o tempo também para descansar e pensar.”
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El Confidencial: Bertrand Russell, filósofo y matemático británico, premio Nobel: "El problema del mundo es que los necios están seguros de sí mismos y los inteligentes llenos de dudas"
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Jornal Estado de Minas: Bertrand Russell resumiu aquilo que considerava uma boa vida em apenas 2 ingredientes: “Uma vida boa é inspirada pelo amor e guiada pelo conhecimento”
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“The Argument for the Remedying of Injustice”
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“Well, there are many religions, but I suppose they all worship the same God. This remark kept me cheerful for about a week. We later learned that all the nineteen passengers in the non-smoking compartment had been killed. When the plane had hit the water a hole had been made in the plane and the water had rushed in. I had told a friend at Oslo who was finding me a place that he must find me a place where I could smoke, remarking jocularly,”
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“I have lived in the pursuit of a vision, both personal and social. Personal: to care for what is noble, for what is beautiful, for what is gentle; to allow moments of insight to give wisdom at more mundane times. Social: to see in imagination the society that is to be created, where individuals grow freely, and where hate and greed and envy die because there is nothing to nourish them. These things I believe, and the world, for all its horrors, has left me unshaken”
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“I think the metaphysics of both Hegel and Marx plain nonsense—Marx”
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“I spent all my spare time reading him, and learning him by heart, knowing no one to whom I could speak of what I thought or felt, I used to reflect how wonderful it would have been to know Shelley, and to wonder whether I should meet any live human being with whom I should feel so much sympathy.”
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Public attention spiked: 6,806 Wikipedia readers in one day, 3.9× the usual 1,756, with 1 article edits. Coverage that week: “Bertrand Russell resumiu aquilo que considerava uma boa vida em apenas 2 ingredientes: “Uma vida boa é inspirada pelo amor e guiada pelo conhecimento”” (Jornal Estado de Minas).
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Clarin.com: Bertrand Russell, filósofo británico: "El problema del mundo es que los estúpidos están seguros de todo y los inteligentes están llenos de dudas"
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Encyclopaedia Britannica: Analytic philosophy - Bertrand Russell, Logical Analysis, Analytic Tradition
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2025· 1 entry
Variety: Nobel Prize-Winning Philosopher Bertrand Russell Biopic in Development, Amanda Curdt-Christiansen to Pen Script (EXCLUSIVE)
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2022· 2 entries
Published “Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis” in The Lancet — cited 14,236 times.
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Published “Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis” in The Lancet — cited 14,013 times.
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2020· 1 entry
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Bertrand Russell
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2019· 1 entry
Psychology Today: Achieving Happiness: Advice from Bertrand Russell
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2018· 2 entries
Published “Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines” in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles — cited 9,758 times.
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Published “Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines” in Journal of Extracellular Vesicles — cited 9,688 times.
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2010· 2 entries
“Citation choisie pour le 9 mars 2010.”
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“Citation choisie pour le 18 janvier 2010 ainsi que le 15 mars 2021.”
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2007· 1 entry
“Viele strenggläubige Menschen reden so, als wäre es die Aufgabe der Skeptiker, überkommene Dogmen zu widerlegen, und nicht die der Dogmatiker, sie zu beweisen. Das ist natürlich ein Fehler." - zitiert bei Richard Dawkins: Der Gotteswahn. Ullstein Verlag, 2007, ISBN 3550086881. Übersetzer: Sebastian Vogel. S. 74. Siehe auch w:Russells Teekanne”
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2006· 1 entry
“Es gibt in der Welt eine Fülle müßiger Menschen, meist Frauen, die über wenig Bildung, viel Geld und demzufolge großes Selbstvertrauen verfügen." - Was für den Sozialismus spricht. In: „Lob des Müßiggangs“, dtv, München 2006. S. 150. Aus dem Englischen von Elisabeth Fischer-Wernecke”
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1980· 4 entries
A memorial to Russell was commissioned by a committee including the philosopher A
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Published “A circumplex model of affect.” in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology — cited 12,084 times.
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Published “A circumplex model of affect.” in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology — cited 12,023 times.
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“Jokes and their Relation to the Cognitive Unconscious”
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1970· 19 entries
Died 1970-02-02.
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“Ironclads and Maxim guns must be the ultimate arbiters of metaphysical truth.”
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“The fundamental cause of the trouble is that in the modern world the stupid are cocksure while the intelligent are full of doubt.”
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“The Calculus required continuity, and continuity was supposed to require the infinitely little; but nobody could discover what the infinitely little might be.”
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“To acquire immunity to eloquence is of the utmost importance to the citizens of a democracy.”
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“Opis: Russellowi chodziło o bogów greckich.”
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“Myśl nie sprawdzona i nie poparta dowodami jest niewystarczającą gwarancją prawdy.”
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“Ludzie uroczyści są najczęściej matołami.”
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“Jeszcze nigdy ludzkość nie żyła w takim lęku jak obecnie i nigdy nie miała po temu tylu powodów.”
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“Impulsy, które w naturalny sposób wyciągają człowieka poza ściany swojego ego, to są seks, rodzicielstwo i patriotyzm albo instynkt stadny.”
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“Historia świata jest sumą tego, czego można było uniknąć.”
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“Chcę przedłożyć czytelnikowi do życzliwego rozważenia doktrynę, która, jak się obawiam, może się wydać niesłychanie paradoksalna i wywrotowa. Według tej doktryny jest rzeczą niepożądaną wierzyć jakiemuś twierdzeniu, gdy nie ma żadnej podstawy do przypuszczenia, że jest ono prawdziwe.”
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“Była ścieżka prowadząca przez pola do New Southgate i chodziłem tam sam, żeby oglądać zachód słońca i rozważać samobójstwo. Nie popełniłem jednak samobójstwa, ponieważ chciałem dowiedzieć się więcej o matematyce.”
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“Być może ludzkość tak się przestraszy bomby wodorowej, iż otrzeźwieje i stanie się tolerancyjna. Gdyby to nastąpiło, mielibyśmy powód, by błogosławić jej wynalazców.”
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“Budda był uprzejmy i oświecony; na łożu śmierci śmiał się ze swoich uczniów bo przypuszczali że jest nieśmiertelny. Ale duchowieństwo buddyjskie – takie jakie istnieje, na przykład, w Tybecie – było wsteczne, tyrańskie i okrutne w najwyższym stopniu.”
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“Bez obywatelskiej moralności społeczeństwa giną, zaś bez osobistej nie są godne przetrwania.”
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On 23 October, his will was published showing he had left an estate valued at £69,423 (equivalent to £1 million in 2025)
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“Po epokach, w których ziemia rodziła nieszkodliwe trylobity i motyle, ewolucja doszła do punktu, w którym wydała na świat Nerona, Dżyngis Chanów i Hitlerów. Sądzę jednak, że to tylko przejściowy koszmar; z czasem ziemia znowu nie będzie w stanie utrzymać życia i powróci pokój.”
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“Nacjonalizm jest jaskrawym przykładem gorącej wiary w wątpliwe rzeczy.”
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1967· 1 entry
“Die Religion stützt sich vor allem und hauptsächlich auf die Angst." - „Why I Am Not a Christian And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects“, Touchstone 1967, ISBN 0671203231, Kapitel 1, Abschnitt „Fear, the Foundation of Religion“; „Warum ich kein Christ bin“, Szcesny Verlag 1963, S. 35”
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1964· 1 entry
Was one of eleven world figures who issued an appeal to Israel and the Arab countries to accept an arms embargo and international supervision of nuclear plants and rocket weaponry
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1963· 3 entries
Awarded Jerusalem Prize (1963).
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Became the inaugural recipient of the Jerusalem Prize, an award for writers concerned with the freedom of the individual in society
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To carry forward Russell's work for peace, human rights and social justice
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1962· 2 entries
“Statement to young Japanese from the President of The Committee of 100 in Britain”
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Russell played a public role in the Cuban Missile Crisis: in an exchange of telegrams with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, Khrushchev assured him that the Soviet government would not be reckless
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1960· 1 entry
Awarded Sonning Prize (1960).
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1957· 2 entries
Awarded Kalinga Prize (1957).
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Wrote: "'Free thought' means thinking freely
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1956· 1 entry
Before and during the Suez Crisis, Russell expressed his opposition to European imperialism in the Middle East
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1955· 1 entry
Russell released the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, co-signed by Albert Einstein and nine other leading scientists and intellectuals, a document which led to the first of the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
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1952· 3 entries
Russell was divorced by Spence, with whom he had been very unhappy
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“("Many orthodox people speak as though it were the business of sceptics to disprove received dogmas rather than of dogmatists to prove them. This is, of course, a mistake." - Is there a God, 1952 cfpf.org.uk.”
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Russell's third marriage ended in divorce in 1952.
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1950· 4 entries
Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature — in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.
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Awarded Nobel Prize in Literature (1950).
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Russell attended the inaugural conference for the Congress for Cultural Freedom, a CIA-funded anti-communist organisation committed to the deployment of culture as a weapon during the Cold War
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Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"
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1949· 1 entry
In his 1949 speech, "Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?", Russell expressed his difficulty over whether to call himself an atheist or an agnostic:
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1948· 5 entries
Russell said that if the USSR's aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West's victory would
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In the 1948 BBC Radio Debate between Bertrand Russell and Frederick Copleston, Russell chose to assume the position of the agnostic.
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Russell was invited by the BBC to deliver the inaugural Reith Lectures—what was to become an annual series of lectures, still broadcast by the BBC
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“s aggression continued, it would be morally worse to go to war after the USSR possessed an atomic bomb than before it possessed one, because if the USSR had no bomb the West”
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Career landmark: Bukken Bruse disaster.
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1947· 5 entries
Awarded doctor honoris causa from the University of Aix-Marseille (1947).
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“Die Verdienste der Demokratie sind negativer Natur: Sie sichert keine gute Regierung, sondern verhindert bestimmte Übel." - Macht. Kapitel 18, 1. Deutsch von Stephan Hermlin, Zürich 1947, PT294 books.google”
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As an agnostic or an atheist: he found it difficult to determine which term to adopt, saying:Therefore, in regard to the Olympic gods, speaking to a purely philosophical audience, I would say that I am an Agnostic
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Russell described himself in 1947 as an agnostic or an atheist: he found it difficult to determine which term to adopt, saying:
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As an agnostic or an atheist: he found it difficult to determine which term to adopt, saying:
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1944· 1 entry
To rejoin the faculty of Trinity College
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1943· 4 entries
Russell called his stance towards warfare "relative political pacifism" – he held that war was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances (such as when Adolf Hitler threatened to take over Europe
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Russell expressed support for Zionism: "I have come gradually to see that, in a dangerous and largely hostile world, it is essential to Jews to have some country which is theirs, some region where they are not suspected
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Adopted a stance toward large-scale warfare called "relative political pacifism": "War was always a great evil, but in some particularly extreme circumstances, it may be the lesser of two evils
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Describing war as a necessary "lesser of two evils"
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1942· 1 entry
Russell argued in favour of a moderate socialism, capable of overcoming its metaphysical principles
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1940· 3 entries
“An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth (1940), Introduction, p. 11”
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Changed his appeasement view that avoiding a full-scale world war was more important than defeating Hitler
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But after a public outcry the appointment was annulled by a court judgment that pronounced him "morally unfit" to teach at the college because of his opinions, especially those relating to sexual morality, detailed in Ma
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1938· 1 entry
“("The merits of democracy are negative: it does not insure good government, but it prevents certain evils. - Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), Kapitel 18, 1. PT311 books.google)”
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1937· 2 entries
Russell returned to the London School of Economics to lecture on the science of power
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Wrote in a personal letter: "If the Germans succeed in sending an invading army to England we should do best to treat them as visitors, give them quarters and invite the commander and chief to dine with the prime mini
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1935· 1 entry
“("The world is full of idle people, mostly women, who have little education, much money, and consequently great self-confidence." - In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays (1935). Chapter VII: The Case for Socialism, 4. The Unemployed Rich”
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1934· 1 entry
Won Sylvester Medal (1934).
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1932· 1 entry
Won De Morgan Medal (1932).
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1931· 3 entries
Career landmark: member of the House of Lords (1931–1970).
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Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell
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Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell of Kingston Russell, and the subsidiary title of Viscount Amberley of Amberley and of Ardsalla
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1930· 4 entries
“Was für das Christentum gilt, gilt gleichermaßen auch für den Buddhismus. […] die buddhistische Priesterschaft – wie es sie beispielsweise in Tibet gibt – ist in höchstem Grade bildungsfeindlich, tyrannisch und grausam." - „Hat die Religion nützliche Beiträge zur Zivilisation geleistet?“, 1930 erstmals veröffentlicht, in: „Warum ich kein Christ bin“, Szcesny Verlag 1963, S. 38”
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“("The worst feature of the Christian religion, however, is its attitude towards sex — an attitude so morbid and so unnatural that it can be understood only when taken in relation to sickness of the civilized world at the time when the Roman Empire was decaying." - "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?" (1930) positiveatheism.org)”
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“(Original engl.: "Religion is based, I think, primarily and mainly upon fear." - "Has Religion Made Useful Contributions to Civilization?" (1930) positiveatheism.org)”
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“Das schlimmste an der christlichen Religion ist ihre krankhafte und unnatürliche Einstellung zur Sexualität." - „Hat die Religion nützliche Beiträge zur Zivilisation geleistet?“, 1930 erstmals veröffentlicht, in: „Warum ich kein Christ bin“, Szcesny Verlag 1963, S. 39”
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1929· 2 entries
“(ang. Marriage and morals (1929), wydanie polskie: 1931, tłum. Helena Bołoz-Antoniewiczowa)”
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Wrote that people deemed "mentally defective" and "feebleminded" should be sexually sterilised because they "are apt to have enormous numbers of illegitimate children, all, as a rule, wholly useless to the community
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1928· 1 entry
Wrote: The fundamental argument for freedom of opinion is the doubtfulness of all our belief
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1927· 1 entry
Russell met Barry Fox (later Barry Stevens), who became a known Gestalt therapist and writer in her later years
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1925· 1 entry
Russell was asked by the Council of Trinity College to give the Tarner Lectures on the Philosophy of the Sciences; these would later be the basis for one of Russell's best-received books according to Hardy: The Analysis
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1924· 1 entry
Russell again gained press attention when attending a "banquet" in the House of Commons with well-known campaigners, including Arnold Lupton, who had been an MP and had also endured imprisonment for "passive resistance t
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1922· 1 entry
“China, by her resources and her population, is capable of being the greatest power in the world after the United States”
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1921· 1 entry
His second marriage was to Dora Winifred Black (died 1986), daughter of Sir Frederick Black
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1919· 1 entry
Resigned in 1920, was Tarner Lecturer in 1926 and became a Fellow again in 1944 until 1949
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1918· 2 entries
On the tenuous grounds that he had interfered in British foreign policy – he had argued that British workers should be wary of the United States Army, for it had experience in strike-breaking
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(he was prosecuted under the Defence of the Realm Act)
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1916· 3 entries
“to my surprise, when I got up to speak, I was given the greatest ovation that was possible to give anybody”
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Due to his absence of allegiance to the war effort, he was dismissed from Trinity College following his conviction under the Defence of the Realm Act 1914
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Resulted in Russell being fined £100 (equivalent to £6,000 in 2025), which he refused to pay in the hope that he would be sent to prison, but his books were sold at auction to raise the money
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1914· 1 entry
Wrote to Lady Ottoline Morrell saying "It is clear the Socialists are the hope of the world"
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1912· 2 entries
“Wer ein Philosoph werden will, darf sich nicht vor Absurditäten fürchten." - Probleme der Philosophie (1912), Frankfurt am Main 1967, S. 20”
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“("whoever wishes to become a philosopher must learn not to be frightened by absurdities." - The Problems of Philosophy (1912). Reissued 2001, Oxford University Press. Seite 9. Google Books”
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1911· 1 entry
With Russell's affair with Lady Ottoline Morrell, and he and Alys finally divorced in 1921 to enable Russell to remarry
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1910· 2 entries
Became a lecturer at the University of Cambridge, Trinity College, where he had studied
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And is largely ascribed to Russell
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1907· 1 entry
“The Regressive Method of Discovering the Premises of Mathematics”
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1905· 1 entry
Wrote the essay "On Denoting", which was published in the philosophical journal Mind
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1904· 1 entry
“juillet 1904, The Independant Review.”
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1903· 2 entries
Published The Principles of Mathematics, a work on the foundations of mathematics
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When he published The Principles of Mathematics (see below)
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1902· 1 entry
By the Fabian campaigners Sidney and Beatrice Webb
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1901· 3 entries
Converted to anti-imperialism, pacifism and a Pro-Boer standpoint with regards to the Second Boer War
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When it occurred to Russell, while cycling, that he no longer loved her
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Their marriage began to fall apart in 1901 when it occurred to Russell, while cycling, that he no longer loved her.
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1900· 2 entries
Attended the first International Congress of Philosophy in Paris, where he became familiar with the work of the Italian mathematician, Giuseppe Peano
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Where he met Giuseppe Peano and Alessandro Padoa
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1897· 1 entry
Wrote An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry (submitted at the Fellowship Examination of Trinity College) which discussed the Cayley–Klein metrics used for non-Euclidean geometry
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1896· 2 entries
With German Social Democracy, a study in politics that was an early indication of his interest in political and social theory
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Taught German social democracy at the London School of Economics
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1895· 1 entry
Provided him with financial independence and the freedom to pursue research
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1894· 3 entries
Proposed that the state issue certificates of health to prospective parents and withhold public benefits from those considered unfit
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“Letter to Alys Pearsall Smith (1894); published in The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell, Volume 1: The Private Years (1884–1914), edited by Nicholas Griffin. It should be noted that in his talk of "the race", he is referring to "the human race". Smith married Russell in December 1894; they divorced in 1921.”
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“Letter to Alys Pearsall Smith (1894). Smith was a Quaker, thus the archaic use of "Thee" in this and other letters to her.”
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1893· 2 entries
And becoming a Fellow in the latter in 1895
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“Letter to Alys Pearsall Smith (1893); published in The Selected Letters of Bertrand Russell, Volume 1: The Private Years (1884–1914), edited by Nicholas Griffin”
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1890· 2 entries
And graduated in 1893 with a Bachelor of Arts
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With an American friend, Edward FitzGerald, and with FitzGerald's family he visited the Paris Exhibition of 1889 and climbed the Eiffel Tower soon after it was completed
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1889· 1 entry
Russell, aged 17, met the family of Alys Pearsall Smith, an American Quaker five years his senior and a graduate of Bryn Mawr College near Philadelphia
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1888· 2 entries
“Greek Exercises (1888); at the age of fifteen, Russell used to write down his reflections in this book, for fear that his people should find out what he was thinking.”
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“Greek Exercises (1888), written two days after his sixteenth birthday.”
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1878· 2 entries
Leaving Russell in the care of his grandmother
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And was remembered by Russell as a kind old man in a wheelchair
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1872· 1 entry
Born 1872-05-18.
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