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António de Oliveira Salazar
António de Oliveira Salazar was a Portuguese dictator, academic, and economist who served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968. Having come to power under the Ditadura Nacional, he reframed the regime as the corporatist Estado Novo, with himself as dictator. The regime he created lasted until 1974, making it one of the longest-lived authoritarian dictatorships in modern Europe.
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culture · Prime Minister of Portugal from 1932 to 1968 · economist · politician · pedagogue · university teacher · political economist · jurist · head of government · author · also António de Oliveira Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira Salazar, Salazar
Born 28 April 1889 · Died 27 July 1970 · Q151394
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2026· 1 entry
2011· 1 entry
Avraham Milgram, Yad Vashem historian, said that modern anti-Semitism failed "to establish even a toehold in Portugal", while it grew virulently elsewhere in early 20th-century Europe
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2010· 1 entry
Garrido was recognised as Righteous Among the Nations by Yad Vashem
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1975· 2 entries
Notably the People's Republic of Angola and the People's Republic of Mozambique, which promptly began to expel all of their white Portuguese citizens
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The Mozambican Liberation Front took over the rule of Mozambique following negotiations with the new Portuguese regime installed by the Carnation Revolution
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1974· 2 entries
Portugal still had the lowest literacy rate in Western Europe
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Portugal still had the lowest per capita income and the lowest literacy rate in Western Europe
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1971· 1 entry
It recognised the Portuguese Catholic University, and by 1973 founded several state-run universities across mainland Portugal (the Minho University, the New University of Lisbon, the University of Évora, and the Universi
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1970· 13 entries
Died 1970-07-27.
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“Half a dozen slaps the time.”
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“Those who can, must obey.”
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“The day I leave the power, inside my pockets will only be dust.”
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“Teach your sons to work, teach your daughters modesty, teach all the virtue of economy. And if not make them saints, at least make them Christians.”
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“The United Nations is useless...and also harmful. It is a land that flowers demagoguery with a bunch of newborn countries, devoid of any tradition.”
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“Who is not patriotic can not be considered Portuguese.”
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“I have the grace of providence to be poor.”
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“All for the nation, nothing against the nation.”
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“Do not discuss God and his reason, does not discuss the motherland and the nation.”
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“I know what I want, and where to go.”
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“In politics, what appears is.”
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“Do not discuss God and virtue. Do not discuss the homeland and its history. Do not discuss the authority and prestige. Do not discuss the family and its moral. Not discuss the glory of work and their duty.”
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1968· 1 entry
President Américo Tomás dismissed him from the position of President of the Council of Ministers
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1965· 2 entries
Portugal supported it economically and militarily through neighbouring Mozambique until 1975, even though it never officially recognised the new Rhodesian state, which was governed by a white minority elite
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Was lured into an ambush by the PIDE near the border town of Olivenza and killed, alongside his Brazilian secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos
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1962· 1 entry
And finally, Portugal signed a free trade agreement with the European Economic Community in 1972, still under the auspices of the Estado Novo
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1961· 4 entries
The latter, also married, had come to Portugal in 1961 with the idea of writing a book about Salazar.
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Leading to the independence of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique in 1974
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General Júlio Botelho Moniz, after being nominated Minister of Defense, tried to convince President Tomás in a constitutional "coup d'état" to remove an aged Salazar from the premiership
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The conditions of the native populations of the colonies were still harsh, and they suffered inferior legal status under its policies
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1960· 1 entry
After nearly 30 years of Salazar's rule, Portugal's per capita GDP was only 38% of the European Community (EC-12) average; by the end of Salazar's rule in 1968, it had risen to 48%; and in 1973, under the leadership of C
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1958· 1 entry
The Brazilian ambassador herself (Álvaro Lins' wife) witnessed a detainee fall from the third floor of the political police headquarters
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1955· 1 entry
And joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1961
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1953· 1 entry
Awarded Grand Cross 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (1953).
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1952· 3 entries
Awarded honorary doctor of the University of Madrid Complutense (1952).
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Was arrested for allegedly subversive activities
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A vast multi-pronged "Plan for Popular Education" was launched with the intent of finally extirpating illiteracy and putting into school every child of school age
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1951· 1 entry
Career landmark: Interim President of the Portuguese Republic (1951–1951).
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1950· 2 entries
The Horthy family managed to find a home in Portugal, thanks to Miklós Jr
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Portugal joined the European Payments Union and participated in the founding of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960 and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1961
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1949· 3 entries
Awarded Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Alfonso X (1949).
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Joined the European Payments Union in 1950, and was one of the founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1960; it was also a founding member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Devel
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A reflection of Portugal's role as an ally against communism during the Cold War in spite of its status as the only non-democratic founder
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1947· 1 entry
Captain Henrique Galvão, a Portuguese parliamentarian, submitted a report disclosing the situation of forced labor and precarious health services in the Portuguese colonies of Africa
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1945· 2 entries
By the remodeled Polícia Internacional e de Defesa do Estado (PIDE) ("International and State Defence Police"), which lasted until 1969 (and from that year to 1974 under Marcelo Caetano, it was the Direção-Geral de Segur
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Portugal still had an extensive colonial empire that encompassed Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Angola (including Cabinda), Guinea Bissau, and Mozambique in Africa; India in South Asia; and Macau and East Timor in th
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1944· 1 entry
When the Holocaust was at its peak, while Sousa Mendes was at Bordeaux in 1940
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1943· 1 entry
Amzalak and Leite Pinto, under Salazar's supervision, initiated a rescue mission
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1940· 1 entry
The regime celebrated the fact that for the first time in Portuguese History, the majority of the population could read and write
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1939· 2 entries
Awarded Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1939).
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Salazar was convinced that Britain would suffer injury, but remain undefeated, that the United States would step into the conflict and that the Allies would win
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1937· 2 entries
Published a book entitled Como se Levanta um Estado (How to Raise a State), in which he criticised the philosophical ideals behind Nazi Germany's Nuremberg laws In 1938, he sent a telegram to the Portuguese Embassy in
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That "happily in Portugal, modern anti-Semitism doesn't exist"
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1936· 1 entry
The episcopate expressed its full support for the regime in a Carta Pastoral, reaffirmed the following year by the head of the Portuguese Catholic Church
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1935· 2 entries
A threatened leftist coup in 1936 and several bombs and conspiracies in 1936 and 1937, including an attempt to assassinate Salazar in 1937
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In Germany, considering it regrettable that German nationalism was "wrinkled by racial characteristics so well marked", which had imposed "the legal point of view, the distinction between citizens and the subject – and t
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1934· 2 entries
Several years before the war began, Salazar clarified in an official speech that Portuguese nationalism did not include "the pagan ideal and anti-human to deify a race or empire", and again, in 1937, Salazar published a
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Salazar exiled Francisco Rolão Preto as a part of a purge of the leadership of the Portuguese National Syndicalists, also known as the Camisas-azuis ("Blue Shirts")
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1933· 1 entry
And continued to agitate for political power until 1934, when Pope Pius XI told Cerejeira that he should focus on social, not political, issues
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1932· 3 entries
Career landmark: Prime Minister of Portugal (1932–1968).
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Salazar declared the Portuguese Catholic Centre to be unnecessary, since all political parties were to be suppressed, and he "invited" its members to join his own political organization, the National Union
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It was due to Salazar's actions that the deposed king was given a state funeral
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1930· 1 entry
Created the National Union a single-party, which he marketed as a "non-party", announcing that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party
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1929· 1 entry
Would become Cardinal-Patriarch of Lisbon
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1927· 1 entry
Under the ministry of Sinel de Cordes, the public deficit kept on growing
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1926· 1 entry
Was its enormous public debt, much of which was owed to foreign entities
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1921· 1 entry
Salazar was persuaded to stand as a candidate for election to parliament, though he did so reluctantly
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1917· 1 entry
Assumed the chairs of economic policy and finance at the university by appointment of professor José Alberto dos Reis
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1916· 1 entry
A move that only aggravated the perilous state of affairs in the country
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1914· 1 entry
With 19 points out of 20, and in the meantime, became an assistant professor of economic policy at the Law School
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1910· 2 entries
During the first years of the Portuguese First Republic to study law at the University of Coimbra
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However, in 1910, Salazar left the seminary and entered the University of Coimbra; he never intended to be a priest.
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1889· 1 entry
Born 1889-04-28.
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1887· 1 entry
Brother of Mário Pais de Sousa, who served as Salazar's Interior Minister
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1839· 1 entry
He was the only male child of two fifth cousins, António de Oliveira (1839–1932) and his wife Maria do Resgate Salazar (1845–1926).
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